![]() ![]() Plant Species Biol 9:119–131Ĭheplick GP (2005) Biomass partitioning and reproductive allocation in the invasive, cleistogamous grass Microstegium vimineum: influence of the light environment. Trends Ecol Evol 2:97–101Ĭheplick GP (1994) Life history evolution in amphicarpic plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 18:237–268Ĭheplick GP (1987) The ecology of amphicarpic plants. Am J Bot 92:1503–1512Ĭharlesworth D, Charlesworth B (1987) Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Funct Ecol 12:596–606īusch JW (2005) The evolution of self-compatibiliy in the geographically peripheral populations of Leavenworthia alabamica (Brassicaceae). Genetica 58:85–96īrunet J, Eckert CG (1998) Effects of floral morphology and display on outcrossing in Blue Columbine, Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae). Theor Popul Biol 15:1–42īrown AHD, Munday J (1982) Population-genetic structure and optimal sampling of land races of barley from Iran. Biotechniques 31:6–8īrown AHD (1979) Enzyme polymorphism in plant populations. Plant Cell 22:2105–2112īoutin-Ganache I, Raposo M, Raymond M, Deschepper CF (2001) M-13 tailed primers improve the readability and usability of microsatellite analyses performed with two different allele sizing methods. Plant Ecol 145:49–58īirchler JA, Yao H, Chudalayandi S, Vaimanb D, Veitiac RA (2010) Heterosis. ![]() Academic/Elsevier, San Diegoīerg H, Redbo-Torstensson P (1999) Offspring performance in three cleistogamous Viola species. Evolution 41:340–354īaskin C, Baskin J (2014) Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and, evolution of dormancy and germination, 2nd edn. Ann Mo Bot Gard 92:445–462īarrett SCH, Shore JS (1987) Variation and evolution of breeding systems in the Turnera ulmifolia L. lewtonii.īarker NP (2005) A review and survey of basicarpy, geocarpy, and amphicarpy in the African and Madagascan flora. Conservation seed banking, if accompanied by research on seed germination requirements, may also contribute to the effective protection of genetic variation in P. Because genetic variation is structured at a fine spatial scale, protecting many populations is necessary to fully conserve the genetic variation in P. Fine-scale patterns of genetic structure indicate that some gene flow is occurring among aboveground CH flowers but both pollen and outcrossed seeds are moving limited distances (maximum of 0.5 km). Other selfed/inbred individuals were spatially separated (maximum of 15 m), and were likely produced by aboveground flowers followed by seed dispersal by ants. Some individuals produced by selfing/inbreeding were tightly clustered spatially, and were likely produced either by belowground flowers or by aboveground flowers with limited seed dispersal. lewtonii reproduces predominantly by selfing or bi-parental inbreeding, but reproduction occurred through each of the three flower types. We analyzed patterns of genetic diversity and structure to understand: (1) the predominant mating system (selfing or outcrossing), (2) the movement of pollen and seeds across the landscape, and (3) the optimal strategy to conserve the full range of genetic variation. lewtonii at both range-wide and fine geographic scales and genotyped them at 11 microsatellite loci. Aboveground seeds are ant-dispersed, whereas belowground seeds are spaced across the length of the rhizome. Polygala lewtonii is a federally endangered, amphicarpic plant with a mixed mating system and three types of flowers: (1) aboveground, chasmogamous flowers (i.e., open-pollinated CH), (2) aboveground, cleistogamous flowers (i.e., closed, selfing CL) and (3) CL flowers on belowground stems (amphicarpy). ![]()
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